"Patterns of Prosocial Behaviors in Middle Childhood Predicting Peer Relations during Early Adolescence"

Professor Sandra Simpkins (left), Chancellor's Professor Emeritus Deborah Lowe Vandell (middle) and doctoral student Su Jiang (right) have published with colleagues Ting-Lan Ma (first author) and Nicole Zarrett in the January 2020 issue of the Journal of Adolescence.

​The title of their article is "Patterns of Prosocial Behaviors in Middle Childhood Predicting Peer Relations during Early Adolescence." 

Simpkins researches organized afterschool activities, motivation, family influences, diversity and equity, immigration and culture, and STEM education. Vandell's expertise includes developmental processes and educational outcomes, longitudinal research methods, early childhood education, afterschool programs, and teacher-child relationships. Jiang is a third year doctoral student specializing in Human Development in Context (HDIC). Her academic interests include adolescent motivation, equity and diversity in STEM education, social impact on motivation, and immigrant adolescent adjustment. She is advised by Simpkins.

​Abstract

Early adolescence is a developmental period in which peer victimization, bullying, relational aggression, and social exclusion are particularly prominent. As these behaviors have long-term implications for children, in this study, we investigated early variations of prosocial behaviors as one of the critical precedents that shape youth's subsequent peer relational outcomes. Specifically, we identified different profiles of prosocial behaviors in middle childhood (Grade 4) and related these profiles to peer relationships in early adolescence (Grade 6).

Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 914; 52% girls), a three-step latent profile analysis was conducted on Grade 4 prosocial behaviors, which were then related to Grade 6 teacher- and student-rated peer relationships (e.g., relational aggression). Four patterns of prosocial behaviors emerged: low prosocial (18%), high prosocial (67%), primarily friendly (8%), and primarily kind (7%). These four patterns of prosocial behaviors were differentially related to later problematic peer relationships: Low prosocial youth demonstrated the most problematic peer relationships (Mdiff = 0.36-0.93, all p < .001). Primarily friendly (but not kind) youth displayed more general and relational aggression (Mdiff = 0.22, SE = 0.07, p = .002; and Mdiff = 0.18, SE = 0.06, p = .006, respectively).

Both low prosocial and primarily friendly youth are at risk for displaying peer-related problems; interventions that build prosocial behaviors in youth with a low prosocial or primarily friendly profile may help prevent problematic peer relationships at early adolescence.